The principle is illustrated indirectly by the common saying that "I've learned enough about _ to know what I don't know." The implication is that someone who hasn't learned much about the subject would have no appreciation for how much there is to learn about it, and so might grossly overestimate their level of understanding. The inverse also applies: the unusually competent people tend to underestimate their ability compared to others this is known as impostor syndrome. Nonetheless, there have however been subsequent studies that confirm Dunning and Kruger's original claim. Ī 2023 paper argued that the original work of Dunning and Kruger did not show what they claimed they had shown, but had only shown that people of all competence levels overestimated their competence Dunning and Kruger's research had used a small and narrow sample size of 45 undergraduate students. When people do not recognize their own mental illness, this is known as "anosognosia" this is common for people with bipolar disorder or schizophrenia. In simple words: "people who are too ignorant to know how ignorant they are". This lack of awareness is attributed to their lower level of competence, which robs them of the ability to critically analyse their performance, leading to a significant overestimation of themselves. The effect occurs where people fail to adequately assess their level of competence - or specifically, their incompetence - at a task and thus consider themselves much more competent than everyone else. The Dunning-Kruger effect (also known as Mount Stupid or Smug Snake ), named after David Dunning and Justin Kruger for their seminal paper of 1999. Block time for self-reflection, beware of cognitive biases, use second-level thinking, and take smart notes, and you will be ahead of the curve.“ ”To be ignorant of one's ignorance is the malady of the ignorant Being aware of this inherent limitation will make it less likely to fall pretty to the Dunning–Kruger effect. Human beings are not great at self-evaluation. Learn about cognitive biases, and reflect on your own biases when you notice them. For instance, confirmation bias may reinforce the Dunning–Kruger effect by turning wishful thinking into actual beliefs. Be aware of cognitive biases that may cloud your judgement.I personally use Roam for taking notes, but there are many alternatives you can use. By building a note-taking habit, you will be able to identify thought patterns and mental shortcuts more easily. It’s much easier to notice gaps in our knowledge when we have a way to visualise our knowledge. Instead of jumping to the most obvious conclusion, use second-level thinking by asking yourself: what are some potential blind spots? What information am I missing? Disentangle the signal from the noise and use mental models to test your assumptions. Use second-level thinking to make decisions.Whether as a weekly review or in another format, make sure to spend some time and to honestly evaluate your progress and your skills. Beyond its many health benefits, it’s an incredible tool for metacognition. Journaling has many science-based benefits. So how can you develop your metacognitive skills? Work on the nature of expertise, for instance, has revealed that novices possess poorer metacognitive skills than do experts.” In their seminal paper, Dunning and Kruger write: “The central proposition in our argument is that incompetent individuals lack the metacognitive skills that enable them to tell how poorly they are performing, and as a result, they come to hold inflated views of their performance and ability.” And later: “Several lines of research are consistent with the notion thatincompetent individuals lack the metacognitive skills necessary for accurate self-assessment. Metacognition means “thinking about thinking.” It’s an essential process to determine the best strategies for learning and problem-solving, as well as knowing when to apply them. The Dunning–Kruger effect sounds like a conundrum: if you don’t know what you don’t know, how can you know? Fortunately, there is a way out: it all boils down to developing metacognitive skills.
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